Writing

Writing problems are easier to solve when you name the level at which they occur. A missing motive is a story problem; a muddy sentence is a language problem; a repeated name spelled two ways is a consistency problem. Start with the largest change your draft needs.

Choose your next revision

  • A finished first draft: use the revision plan to diagnose structure before polishing sentences.
  • A narrator who sounds inconsistent: compare a quiet passage and an argument. What words, rhythms and observations belong to this person?
  • Feedback that feels contradictory: separate what the reader experienced from the fix they proposed. Several different fixes may point to the same underlying problem.

Keep an editorial handover

Keep a short file with character names, invented terms, point of view, tense and unresolved questions. That file helps a copyeditor understand your decisions. If you later consider a translation, it also gives a reviewer a basis for judging what must survive in a different language.

For a finished novel, the novel translation guide explains how to test voice and story clues before commissioning another edition. Below, the historical writing archive explores craft from several authors' perspectives.

From the author archive